Introduction

 

Higher resolution tree ring and pollen studies suggest a correlation with the shorter term Milankovitch obliquity/precessional cycles and the longer term Pettersson maximum tidal force (MTF) model. Basal contacts from alluvial deposits in the Southwest United States seem to correlate well with a 278 year resonance of the 556 year cycle, while tree ring records from the Colorado Plateau seem to indicate only 1 – 2 year cycles. These records could be skewed however due to limitations from the spectral analysis process, non-climactic effects on tree growth or other factors. The use of half-cycle smoothing positioned on cycle turning points could provide a better test of the resonance model.

 

Half-Cycle Analysis of Southwest Dendroclimatic Records

 

Analysis of tree-ring records from California to New Mexico and Colorado show that there are common cycles of generally warmer/drier climates which alternate with cooler/wetter climates. These are most strongly correlated with a 4/1 (139) year phase of the 556 year phase cycle. The correlation coefficients of all records are generally 0.75 or higher, indicating that the cycles are indeed real and likely related to atmospheric changes and variations. Further half-cycle analysis of other tree-ring records may help define local and regional patterns.

 

Additional High-Resolution Records Suggesting Various Components of the Solar Insolation/Tidal Resonance Model

 

The 139 year resonance or event cycle is a high frequency component of the resonance model which contains a series of longer and shorter term cycles. Additional high resolution records not previously analyzed against secondary cycles appear to show various harmonic components of the solar insolation/tidal resonance model.

 

Egyptian Cultural/Environmental Events

 

Egyptian records detailing wet and dry cycles are compared to the 139 year event cycle. There seems to be some correlation between these cycles and dynastic changes throughout Egyptian history, indicating that climate changes could have had corresponding political implications.

 

Sunspot/Climate Correlations

 

A lot of research has been done by comparing the 11.1 year sunspot cycle and the 22.2 year Hale magnetic cycle with climate. Temperature records from Iceland ice cores dating back to 1700 AD seem to be in phase with a 46 year resonance of the Gleissberg sunspot cycle which has duration of about 90 years.

 

Other research has sought a correlation between climate and sunspot cycles. In 1975, Gribbin and Plagemann attempted to use these relationships to predict an earthquake in Los Angeles in 1982, which did not come to pass. Some believed that there were calculation errors and that the planetary alignment was not sufficient to cause an earthquake, but still could have an impact on climate. Tree-ring data from the US Midwest and the Colorado Plateaus both correlate well with the Hale double sunspot cycle. The Midwest tree-ring data may provide some of the best evidence for a relationship between solar activity and climate. The Hale cycle has only been observed in the past century, which makes drawing conclusions regarding the connection between solar magnetism, tidal resonances and climate uncertain.

 

Lower Frequency Components of the Solar Insolation/Tidal Resonance Model

 

Additional high-resolution climate records seem to be in phase with the longer term cycles of the solar insolation/tidal resonance model. Tree-ring isotopes from White Mountain, CA and Marine records from Santa Barbara, CA seem to correlate well with the 278 year cycle (2/1 139 year event) while pollen records from Agerods Mosse, Sweden seem to be in phase with the 556 and 278 year cycles. Pollen records from Pearson’s Pond, CA and Cook Inlet, AK also seem in phase with the 278 year cycle. Other pollen records from Utah, Arizona, Canada’s Northwest Territories and Spain also seem to correlate well with derivatives of the 139 year event cycle.

 

There is evidence that latitudinal insolation progressively changes as you move from pole to equator. At the equator, there is a 180 degree phase shift so that the Southern hemisphere is 180 degrees out of phase with the Northern hemisphere. High resolution data from Alaskan and North American glacier isotopes, Afar, Africa and East African pluvial records, and Chile and Antarctic glacier isotopes were used to show this pattern across six latitudinal locations.

 

Natural Fluctuations of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gasses

 

Antarctic ice core records show a strong correlation between temperature and CO2. Combining this data with recent evidence of declining greenhouse gas components in the atmosphere suggests that current climate models should be modified to account for higher, as well as lower frequency, natural climate fluctuations in future projections of atmospheric greenhouse gases.

 

 

 

A 139-Year Dendroclimatic Cycle, Cultural/Environmental History, Sunspots, and Longer-Term Cycles

Thor Karlstrom

 

Introduction

Higher resolution time-stratigraphic records suggest correlation of lower frequency paleoclimatic events with Milankovitch obliquity/precessional cycles and of higher frequency events with the evidently resonance-related Pettersson maximum tidal force (MTF) model (Karlstrom 1961). Subsequently published records, mainly pollen (Hevly and Karlstrom 1974), seemingly confirm that atmospheric resonances may have modulated past climatic changes in phase with average MTF cycles of 1668, 1112, and 556 years, as calculated in anomalistic years from planetary movements by Stacey (1963, 1967). Stacey accepts Pettersson’s (1914) dating of AD 1433 (517 YBP) for the last major perihelian spring tide based solely on calculations of moon- and earth-orbital relations to the sun. Use of AD 1433 as an origin for the tidal resonance model seemingly continues to provide a best fit for the timing of cyclical patterns in the presented paleoclimate time series.

 

Dating basal contacts (point boundaries) in Southwest alluvium produces temporal clustering seemingly in phase with the doubling of the 556-year Phase Cycle or its 2/1(278-year) resonance (Hevly and Karlstrom

1974; Karlstrom 1988). This result, however, is unconfirmed by spectral analyses of Colorado Plateau dendroclimatic records that clearly define only 1- to 2-year cycles (Dean 1988). This could result either from tree-ring standardization procedures that eliminate longer-term trends or from difficulties in applying spectral analyses to detrended composite records characterized by:

 

• Relatively short cross-dated segments that further limit lower- frequency analysis.
• Interrupted high-frequency cyclical patterns that episodically change sign through a transition point, suggesting nonlinear response to an external forcing function (chaos theory).
• Varying amounts of distorting noise (nondimatic effects on tree growth

 

Moreover, spectral analytical results statistically define dominant cycle lengths (not their timing) and are sensitive to differing levels of smoothing and positioning that can mask real cycles and generate spurious ones (aliasing). Use of half-cycle smoothing positioned on cycle turning point thus should provide a more direct and critical test of the resonance model, since the model imposes severe constraints on both timing and cycle length and permits concurrent testing of longer- and shorter-term harmonics.

 

Half-Cycle Analysis of Southwest Dendroclimatic Records

 

            As shown in Figures 1-10, preliminary half-cycle analyses of Southwest dendroclimatic records from California to New Mexico and Colorado produce common intervals of generally warmer/drier climate alternating with intervals of cooler/wetter climate that are most strongly in phase with the doubling of the 278-year subphase cycle, or the 4/1 (139-year) resonance of the 556-year phase cycle. Higher frequency resonance patterns vary from record to record, evidently reflecting differing response functions, variable timing of nonlinear phase reversals, and differing amounts and distribution of distorting noise.
Trend correlation coefficients of the 139-year cycle range from 0.75 to 1.0, or within the upper part of the correlation range (<0.6->0.9) of tree-ring/climate calibrations. This suggests that the cycle is real, regionally robust, arid evidently related to changing atmospheric patterns and dynamics. Continued half-cycle analysis of other dendroclimatic records may define diagnostic regional patterns as well as differing local responses, thus advancing understanding of climatic/biologic processes.

 

Figure 1. HYDROGRAPH OF WHITE MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA. ON TIMESCALE OF THE 1 39-YEAR EVENT CYCLE AND
ITS 2/1 (69.5-YEAR) AND 4/1 (34.75-YEAR) RESONANCES
Half-cycle and near-half-cycle smoothing positioned on cycle turning points; conversion to Z units after smoothing. Decadal indices from Station 12 (Fritts 1967). Trend correlations suggest a fairly strong precipitation response to the 139-year event cycle and a stronger response to its 4/1 (34.75 year) resonance (Bruckner cycle).

 

Refined analysis requires use of annual indices that permit the most precise half-cycle smoothing (Figures 6-9). Near half-cycle smoothing using 10-year and 20-year smoothed indices (Figures 1-5) does not appear to significantly affect analytical results of the longer-term trends, but it does limit analyses to those cycles with wave lengths of more than 20 arid 40 years, respectively.

 

Figure 2. THERMOGRAPH OF THE SIERRA NEVADA, CALIFORNIA, ON TIMESCALE OF THE 139-YEAR EVENT CYCLE AND
ITS 2/1 (69.5-YEAR) AND 3/1 (46.33-YEAR) RESONANCES
Half-cycle and near-half cycle smoothing positioned on cycle turning points; conversion to Z units after smoothing. Upper timberline tree-ring 10-year indices from Scuderi (1987). Trend correlations suggest a fairly strong temperature response to the 139-year event cycle. In higher frequencies there is a stronger tendency to respond to the 3/1 than the 2/1 resonance. Contrast with Figure 1.

 

Figure 3. HYDROTHERMOGRAPH OF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA ON TIMESCALE OF THE 139-YEAR EVENT CYCLE AND
ITS 2/1(69.5-YEAR) AND 3/1 (46.33-YEAR) RESONANCES
Constructed by combining hydrograph of White Mountains (Figure 1) with inverted thermograph of the Sierra Nevada (Figure 2). The combined precipitation/temperature record improves correlation with the 139-year event cycle and emphasizes higher frequency response to the 3/1 resonance. The sign inversion in Z-2a evidently results from an unusually deep temperature trough at the half-cycle position centered AD 1780. The chrnonstratigraphic subdivision is after Karlstrom (1988) PB=Point Boundary (clustering of alluvial basal-contact dates).

Figure 4. HYDROTHERMOGRAPH OF WHITE MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA, ON TIMESCALE OF THE 139-YEAR EVENT CYCLE AND ITS 2/1 (69.5-YEAR) RESONANCE
Curve constructed by combining the lower timberline (precipitation) record with the upper timberline (temperature) record, which are inverted to satisfy parallelism with the paleoclimatic equation. The 20-year tree-ring indices are from LaMarche (1974). The chrnonstratigraphic subdivisions are from Karlstrom (1988). PB = Point Boundary (clustering of basal-contact dates). As in Figure 3, combination of precipitation and inverted temperature curves improves correlation with the 139-year event cycle but, in contrast, also suggests a strong in-phase relationship with the 2/1 (69.5-year) resonance rather than with the 3/1 (46.33-year) resonance.

Figure 5. TREE-RING-DERIVED TEMPERATURE GRAPH OF THE SIERRA NEVADA ON TIMESCALE OF THE 139-YEAR EVENT CYCLE AND
ITS 2/1 (69.5-YEAR) RESONANCE
Half-cycle smoothing and chrnonstratigraphic subdivision as before. Curve replotted at 20-year intervals from Graumlich (1992). Strongest correlations are with the 139-year event cycle and its 2/1 (69.5-year) resonance. Compare with Figures 1, 2, and 4.

Figure 6 - HYDROGRAPH OF SOUTHERN COLORADO PLATEAUS ON TIMESCALE CF THE 139-YEAR EVENT CYCLE AND
ITS 2/1 (69.5-YEAR) AND 4/1 (34.75-YEAR) RESONANCES
Halt-cycle smoothing as before. Seventeen station 10-year indices from Berry (1982) Very strong precipitation response to the event cycle. lesser but significant response to the 4\1 (34.75-year) resonance (Bruckner cycle)

 

Figure 7 - HYDROGRAPH OF HOPI MESAS, ARIZIONA TIMESCALE OF THE 39- Y’EAR EVENT CYCLE AND ITS 2/1 (69.5-YEAR) RESONANCE
Half-cycle smoothing and chrnonstratigraphic subdivision as before. Annual tree-ring indices from Deen and Robinson (1978). Very strong response to the event cycle; weak or insignificant response to the 2/1 resonance.

Figure 8 - HYDROGRAPH OF TSEGI CANYON, ARIZONA, ON TIMESCALE OF THE 139-YEAR EVENT CYCLE AND ITS 2/1 (69.5-YEAR) AND 4/1 (34.75-YEAR) RESONANCES
Half-cycle smoothing same as before. Annual tree ring indices from Dean and Robinson (1978) . Very strong response to the event cycle; weak or insignificant response to the higher frequency half-resonances. The sign inversion between AD 1711 and 1850 appears to result from an unusually deep dry interval at the half-cycle position (AD 1780) or contemporaneaous with the deep temperature high in one of the Sierra Nevada records (Figure 2), but not evident in the other (Figure 6).

Figure 9 - 25-STATION HYDROGRAPH OF THE COLORADO PLATEAUS REGION ON TIMESCALE OF THE 139 YEAR EVENT CYCLE AND ITS 2/1 (69.5 YEAR) AND 4/1 (34.75 YEAR) RESONANCES
Half-cycle smoothing and chronostratigraphic subdivision same as before. Annual indices from Dean and Robinson (1978). Though including many incomplete records, the regional composite retains a fairly strong response to the event-cycle but weak or insignificant response to the higher frequency resonances.

Figure 10. SUMMARY EVIDENCE FOR A DENDROCLIMATIC CYCLE IN PHASE WITH A 139-YEAR TIDAL FORCE RESONANCE
Trend correlations for local temperature and precipitation range from 0.75 to >0.90, or within the correlation range of tree-ring/climate calibrations. This suggests that the cycle is real and evidently related to changing atmospheric dynamics and patterns. Similar half-cycle analyses of other records may define differing regional patterns and responses, advancing understanding of climatic/biologic process,

 

 

Additional High-Resolution Records Suggesting Various Components of the Solar Insolation/Tidal Resonance Model

The 139-year resonance, herein called the event cycle, is but a higher- frequency component of the resonance model, as characterized by a series of longer- and shorter-term cycles ranging from years to thousands of years. Figures 11 to 29 provide additional examples of high-resolution records, many previously not analyzed for the presence of secondary cycles, which appear to record various harmonic components of the solar insolation/tidal resonance model.

Egyptian Cultural/Environmental Events
Egypt provides one of the longest historically chronicled records of political and environmental change (Hoffman 1979: James 1979). Economic and, by implication, political fortunes were intimately tied to the annual flooding of the Nile River. Series of extremely low and extremely high floods could have seriously affected the economic base and, thus, political stability. Resonance analysis of the Egyptian record suggests the strongest correlation between dynastic subdivision and the 139-year event cycle (Figure 11). Most dynastic changes took place during the dry epicycles (presumably during intervals of falling and generally low flood levels), suggesting that environmental stress may have played a contributing role in dynastic succession. The three intermediate periods mark short intervals of extreme political unrest, with complete loss of central administrative control and (including in the last two periods) split local control shared with foreign invaders. Reasons for these intervals of rapidly changing political fortunes remain enigmatic and speculative, hut they probably reflect a mix of internal and external social factors combined with the possibility of occasional higher destabilizing floods, since all of the intermediate periods are centered on wet epicycles and essentially begin and end in dry epicycles of the 139-year event cycle.

Figure 11. CORRELATION OF EGYPTIAN DYNASTIC HISTORY WITH SCHEMATA OF THE 139-YEAR EVENT CYCLE
Reconstruction of dynastic record primarily after James (1979), who notes that dating is approximate and increasingly so toward the beginning of the record. Most dated boundaries (solid lines) fall within the dry epicycles and the remaining few (dashed lines)  fall within the wet epicycles, indicating that environmental stress (lower Nile levels?) may have contributed to dynastic succession. See Figure 27 or extended correlation of the Egyptian/Nubian record with longer-term climatic trends.

Sunspot/Climate Correlations
Intense climatic research has focused on correlation of climate with solar change as indirectly indexed by the sunspot cycle of about 11.1 years and by its double Hale magnetic cycle of about 22.2 years. Correlation has been attempted both with sunspot number and sunspot cycle-length.

One of the strongest correlations suggesting cause-and-effect relationships between solar activity and climate is provided by Friss-Christiansen and Lassen (1992), who correlate sunspot cycle-length with Northern Hemisphere average temperature and with the Iceland temperature curve of Bergthorsen (1969). In Figure 12, I extend the Iceland temperature

Figure 12. Sunspot and Climate Records on Timescale of the 139-Year Event Cycle and it’s 3/1 (46.3 year) and 12/1 (11.5 Year) Resonance

Sunspot, hemispheric temperature, and Iceland indices to 1745 from Friis-Christiansen and Lassan (1991); esxtension of Iceland temperature record by indices from Bergthorssen (1969). Santa Barbara marine indices from Pandolfi et al (1980); tree-ring-dated isotope indices from Epstein and Yapp (1976). Sunspot and collated climatic records appear to be related to the tidal resonance model through in-phase relationships with the about 46-year resonance and it’s double Gleissberg sunspot cycle (see Figurs 14 – 15). Some tendency for sunspot length and higher-resolution climate records to oscillate in phase with the 11.5-year resonance.

 

curve to AD 1700 and add two proxy climate records (Figures 14 and 15) that also parallel the sunspot cycle-length curve as well as or better than the proxy Iceland temperature record. The sunspot-length and collated climatic records appear to be related to the tidal resonance model primarily through in-phase relationships with the about 46-year resonance and its double Gleissberg sunspot cycle. This, in turn, suggests some sort of relationship between solar activity and tidal resonances as dominated by lunar and solar perturbations of Earth’s atmosphere. Researchers have estimated the Gleissberg cycle variously between 80 and 100 years in duration. Correlation with the tidal resonance model suggests its average length lies nearer 90 years.
Other researchers have sought correlation between climate and the sunspot cycle itself. Figure 13 is a graph of the solar-tide and sunspot curves used by Gribbin (1976) in support of his failed prediction of a 1982 major earthquake in the Los Angeles area. The prediction (Gribbin and Plagemann 1975) is based on the following linkages:

 

• Solar tides (due to perturbations of tidal planets Venus, Earth, and Jupiter) modulate the sunspot cycle.
• In turn affecting Earth’s climate.
• in turn perturbing Earth’s spin.
• in turn triggering earthquakes through resulting structural adjustment in Earth’s crust.

 

Most scientists (Anderson and Okai 1975; Meeus 1975; and others) anticipated the failure of Gribbin and Plagemann’s dire prediction. Among other criticisms, Anderson and Okai (1975) believe the Sun/tide calculation is in error and that the planetary alignment of 1982 is not as tight as predictable for 1990 and, in either case, is insufficient to produce earthquakes.
The apparent failure of the solar tide/sunspot correlation does not necessarily impact traditional sunspot/climate correlation. I have added two tree-ring records to Figure 13, one from the Midwest (Michell et at 1979) and one from the Colorado Plateaus (this paper). Both records correlate well with the Hale double (magnetic) sunspot cycle. In his seminal analysis of weather cycles, Burroughs (1992) considers that the cyclical analysis by Michell et al (1979) of Midwest tree-ring records provides one of the best cases for a possible cause-and-effect relationship between solar activity and climate. Half-cycle analyses of annual indices of these tree-ring records (as well as of the sun/tide and sunspot curves) use turning points of a fundamental fifth harmonic of the tidal model that closely matches the timing and average length of the Hale double sunspot cycle. The strong cyclical pattern obtained by half-cycle smoothing of the Midwest record essentially replicates the results of Michell et al (1979), who used different analytical procedures.

Figure 13. SOLAR TIDES, SUNSPOTS, AND DENDROCLIMATIC RECORDS ON TIMESCALE OF THE 211 (278-YEAR), 411(139-YEAR), AND 25/1 (22.24-YEAR) RESONANCES OF THE 556-YEAR PHASE CYCLE

Annual indices of sunspots and solar tides from Wood in Gribbin (1976); Midwest tree-ring indices from Michell et al (1979) in Burroughs (1992); Colorado Plateaus tree-ring indices from dean and Robinson (1978). Half-cycle smoothing on turning points of the 25/1 (22.24 year) resonance that is in phase with the average Hale double sunspot (magnetic) cycle. This, in turn seemingly integrates solar/earth tidal phases with terrestrial climate through solar magnetic change )+ solar magnetism = generally increased Earth rainfall).

 

Though more complacent, the smoothed Colorado Plateaus tree-ring curve shows similarities, including the short interval of phase reversals near the beginning of the century. The comparably smoothed sunspot curve does not show the same pattern of secondary trends, but it does suggest correlation with the 139-year event cycle in that lower sunspot numbers occur in the middle and higher sunspot numbers occur near the beginning and end of the cycle. These higher- and lower-frequency correlations seemingly integrate solar/tidal phases with terrestrial climate through solar magnetic change (with positive solar magnetism equating with generally increased Earth precipitation).

Uncertainties remain concerning the physical linkages between solar magnetism, tidal resonances, and climate. Equally critical, the Hale cycle has been observed only since the beginning of this century, and projection of the same magnetic alternation between successive sunspot cycles into the past or the future remains speculative.

 

Lower Frequency Components of the
Solar Insolation/Tidal Resonance Model

 

In Figures 14-29, I provide additional high-resolution climate records that are seemingly in phase with longer-term components of the solar insolation/tidal resonance model. Procedures for analyzing time stratigraphy and pollen time series remain the same as discussed in Karlstrom (1961), Ray and Karlstrom (1968), Karlstrom (1969), Hevly and Karlstrom (1974), and Euler et al (1979).

Figures 14-16 include a California tree-ring isotope, a California marine, and a Swedish pollen time series that seem to be primarily in phase with the 278-year subphase cycle.

 

Figure 14. TREE-RING-DATED ISOTOPE RECORD OF THE WHITE MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA, ON TIMESCALE OF THE 139-YEAR EVENT CYCLE AND ITS 2/1 (69.5-YEAR) AND 3/1 (46.33-YEAR) RESONANCES

Centered 10-year isotope (D/H) temperature indices from Epstein and Yapp (1976). Taken as a whole, the record shows a strong tendency to oscillate in phase with the 278-year subphase cycle but weak or insignificant tendencies with the event cycle and its 2/1 (69.5-year) and 3/1 (46.33-year) resonances. Note however some apparent systematics in the complex resonance pattern. Between AD 1150 and 1433 (subphase Y-2), the secondary trends are apparently dominated by the event cycle, between AD 1433 and 1711 (subphase Z-1) by its 2/1 resonance and between AD 1711 and the present (subphase Z-2) by its 3/1 resonance (see Figure 12). It remains unclear how much of the complexity results from distorting noise, from nonlinear responose, or from selective local tree response to in and out-phasing of superposed atmospheric resonances. Note similarities with the California marine record (Figure 15).

Figure 15.

 

Figure 16.

 

Figures 17 and 18 include a California and an Alaska pollen time series that seem to be primarily in phase with the 556-year phase cycle.

 

Figures 19 – 22 include two marine time series (from Equatorial Pacific and the Antarctic), a dated hydrologic / pollen record from Utah, and an Arizona pollen time series that seem to be primarily in phase with the 1112- year stadial cycle.

 

Figure 17

 

Figure 18.

 

Figure 19.

 

Figure 20

 

Figure 21

 

Figure 22

 

Figures 23 – 26 include three pollen time series (from Canada and Spain) and a Tunisian ground water time series that seem to be primarily in phase with the 3336-year substage cycle.

 

Figure 23

 

Figure 24

 

Figure 25

 

Figure 26

 

Figure 27 includes dated Egyptian and Nubian cultural and environmental events, partly in phase with lower north latitude processional cycles and partly with the 3336-year substage cycle.

 

Figure 28 includes two marine isotope chronologies (from the Equatorial Pacific and Equatorial Atlantic oceans) that are fine-tuned to the 65^o N records of the Ice Ages.

 

Figure 27 – SOLAR INCOLATION CURVES OF NORTHERN SUMMER HALF-YEARS FROM THE EQUATOR TO N30^o Latitude

 

Figure 28 – TWO “STANDARD” MARINE ICE AGE CHRONOLOGIES ON TIMESCALE OF THE INSOLATION CYCLE (ABOUT 40,000 YEARS AND ITS 2/1 (ABOUT 20,000 YEARS) RESONANCE ASSUMING A RESPONSE LAG OF ABOUT 4,500 YEARS (Karlstrom 1961)

 

Figure 29 shows the latitudinal insolation curves that progressively change from the dominant obliquity cycle at the poles to the dominant precessional cycle at the Equator. Since the isolation curves are based on summer half-years, precessional trends north of the Equator are 180 degrees out of phase with those south of the Equator. Six selected high-resolution terrestrial-climate time seri3es are referenced as to type and source and in the figure are positioned according to latitude. These dated records seem to parallel the local latitudinal insolation trends more closely than the records at other latitudes, suggesting direct latitudinal insolation control of climate. Particularly significant is the apparent 180-degree phase reversal across the Equator, as represented by the Afar Precessional-insolation control. The Antarctic (Vostock) ice-core record of temperature and CO2 strikingly parallels. Obliquity/Precessional cycle trends in the South 60o-90o Latitude belt, the precessional elements of which are also 180 degrees out of phase with those in the Northern Hemisphere and with the associated K/Ar-dated North American glacial record of Richmond (1976). The North 37o Latitude Devils Hole isotope/temperature record of Winograd ET AL (1992) also parallels Richmond’s glacial chronology )glaciations 6-8) and the corresponding insolation

Figure 29 – LATITUDINAL INSOLATION CONTROL OF TERRESTRIAL CLIMATIC RECORDS

 

trends in the North 30°-60° Latitude belt. Cause-arid-effect relationships are apparently satisfied by a consistent response lag (0-5000 years) between the modulating latitudinal insolation trends and the independently dated climate changes. Precessional elements of the Milankovitch model are also invoked by Crowley and Kim (1994) to accommodate the recent coral dating of about 130,000 years ago for a major high-sea-level stand and for the contemporaneous high-temperature interval in the Devils Hole isotope record. Additional long, high-resolution terrestrial records (particularly in the upper north latitudes and the middle south latitudes) are required for more critical testing of the Obliquity/Precessional insolation model and for direct assessment of the latitudinal representativeness of the selected time series.
Natural Fluctuations of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases ______-
The striking correlation in the Antarctic ice-core record between isotope temperature and C02 contributes to the current greenhouse gas controversy by providing direct evidence of large, natural, temperature-related fluctuations in atmospheric C02. Coupled with recent evidence of declining greenhouse gas components in the atmosphere following culmination of a drought (warmer/drier) interval about 1990, as predicted by the resonance model (Figures 1-10; Karlstrom 1976a), this strongly suggests that current climate modeling requires modification to accommodate higher as well as lower frequency, natural (nonanthropogenic) climate fluctuations in future projections of atmospheric greenhouse gases.

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